Working papers

These papers cover a range of content. They may focus on current issues, debates and enduring challenges. Policy-relevant papers in this series synthesise or draw on relevant 3ie-funded studies and reviews, as well as other rigorous evidence, to offer new analyses, findings, insights and recommendations. Methods papers and technical guides help advance understanding, design, and use of rigorous and appropriate evaluations and reviews. 3ie also uses this series to publish lessons learned from 3ie grant-making.

Latest working papers

Working papers

Incorporating process evaluation into impact evaluation: what, why and how

Working paper 3ie PDF icon 2022  
The authors of this paper lay down guidelines that can provide impact evaluators with tools and ideas on how to explore and add relevant elements of process evaluations to experimental and quasi-experimental impact evaluation designs.

Promoting women’s groups for facilitating market linkages in Bihar, India

Working paper 3ie PDF icon 2021  
Authors of this paper analyze the effects of market linkages on women's agricultural producer groups, which are part of the Women's Advancement in Rural Development and Agriculture (WARDA) project in Purnea District, Bihar.

What stimulates the demand for grid-based electrification in low-and middle-income countries?

Working paper 3ie PDF icon 2021  
Authors of this paper outline the findings from a rapid evidence assessment that synthesizes available rigorous impact evaluations of interventions that stimulate demand for electrification in resource-constrained settings.

Improving delivery and impacts of pro-poor programmes

Working paper 3ie PDF icon 2021  
Authors of this paper examine how the convergence of the National Rural Livelihoods Mission with the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MNREGS) in the early stages of the self-help group life cycle influences the project implementation and household outcomes.

Understanding India’s self-help groups: an organisational anatomy of functionality in a district in Madhya Pradesh

Working paper 3ie PDF icon 2021  
Authors of this working paper present findings of a qualitative research study on the functioning of women’s self-help groups in Madhya Pradesh.

Women’s economic status and son preference: empirical evidence from private school enrolment in India

Working paper 3ie PDF icon 2021  
Authors of this working paper provide evidence on the effect of improvements in women’s access to financial resources on gender inequalities in private schooling investments in rural India.

Understanding barriers to and facilitators of latrine use in rural India

Working paper 3ie PDF icon 2021  
Authors of this working paper compare qualitative data on the barriers to and facilitators of latrine use in the states of Bihar, Karnataka and Odisha in India.

Quality improvement approaches to enhance Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation in antenatal care in Uganda

Working paper 3ie PDF icon 2021  
Authors of this working paper outline the findings of a study that investigated the implementation and the effectiveness of a quality improvement-related intervention to improve Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation uptake among pregnant women in Iganga and Buyende districts, Uganda.

Assessing bottlenecks within Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation Delivery in Uganda: a workshop report

Working paper 3ie PDF icon 2021  
This working paper highlights the actions undertaken, results and lessons learnt during the implementation of the iron and folic acid supplementation (IFAS) study on pregnant women in East Central Uganda. The study was conducted applying the core principles of Implementation Science.

Literature review on selected factors influencing Iron Folic Acid Supplementation in Kenya and East Africa

Working paper 3ie PDF icon 2021  
Authors of this working paper reviewed published literature to understand what is known about the identified bottlenecks of the delivery system for Iron Folic Acid (IFA) Supplementation during pregnancy and how they affect consumption and adherence to IFA supplements.