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  • What we offer
    • Impact evaluation
    • Evidence mapping
    • Evidence synthesis
    • Helpdesk and rapid evidence
    • Capacity strengthening
    • Evidence impact
    • Transparency

    At the core of our work, impact evaluations are rigorous studies that measure the effects of international development programmes. We focus on conducting impact evaluations on policy-relevant research questions where credible findings can drive decision-making.

    3ie invented evidence gap maps, which provide a visual overview of existing and ongoing studies or reviews in a sector or sub-sector of international development. These maps help policymakers find the most relevant evidence for a given question, thereby improving decision-making.

    Our synthesis products, including systematic reviews, integrate findings from multiple different studies which address a common research question. Because they look systematically across the evidence base to see what works and why, systematic reviews and other synthesis products are more reliable for decision-making than results from a single study used in an ad hoc way.

    Often, policy decisions must be made quickly. To make sure that decision-makers get the evidence they need when they need it, 3ie has developed a set of helpdesk services and rapid evidence products. Our Rapid Response Briefs and Rapid Evidence Assessments draw from the latest high-quality research to answer policy questions in a fraction of the time of traditional evaluations or systematic reviews.

    We work with governments and other organizations to build their capacities in evaluation and evidence-informed decision-making. In addition to providing trainings on a wide range of evaluation methods, we offer ongoing support services to ensure our partners have access to the most up-to-date evidence and evaluation tools.

    3ie specialises in increasing access to, demand for and use of evidence by governments, parliaments, programme managers, civil society, programme participants and the media. We do this by emphasising the value of planning and engaging with stakeholders to ensure that evaluations and reviews are relevant and useful. We use robust and effective monitoring to measure evidence use so that we can convey evidence impact on programmes and policies with greater confidence.

    Since 3ie was founded, transparent, reproducible and ethical evidence (TREE) have been core considerations in our work. We have developed and refined tools and best practices to ensure our studies apply technically rigorous methodologies, transparently share design and analysis decisions, yield computationally reproducible analysis, and incorporate foundational principles of research ethics into design, implementation, and dissemination. 3ie’s transparent, reproducible and ethical evidence (TREE) Policy articulates this commitment to TRE best practices.

  • Evidence hub
    • 3ie Development Evidence Portal
    • Evidence gap maps
    • Evidence impact summaries
    • Replication studies
    • Publications
    • RIDIE

    3ie’s Development Evidence Portal is the largest-of-its-kind repository of rigorous evidence on what works in international development. This portal includes evaluations and synthesis of studies conducted in low-and middle-income countries. It combines records from 3ie’s Impact Evaluation and Systematic Review repositories, as well as, evidence gap maps.

    These provide a visual display of completed and ongoing systematic reviews and impact evaluations in a sector or sub-sector, structured around a framework of interventions and outcomes.

    Evidence impact summaries briefly describe how 3ie-supported evidence has informed and influenced decision makers. Each summary highlights verified instances of evidence impact.

    We provide funding for replications, conduct in-house replication research and publish guidance on replication methodology. We also provide funding to original authors of 3ie-funded for preparing their raw datasets.

    As part of our mandate as a knowledge producer and translator for our main audiences, we publish a range of knowledge products. These include briefs, impact evaluation reports, systematic review reports and summaries, replication papers, evidence gap map reports, scoping reports and working papers.

    3ie’s Registry for International Development Impact Evaluations (RIDIE) aims to enhance the transparency and quality of impact evaluation research before it begins.

  • Our work
      • Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health
      • Agricultural Innovation Evidence Program
      • Agricultural Insurance Evidence Program
      • Aquaculture for livelihoods, nutrition and women’s empowerment
      • Education
      • Evidence mapping for Democracy, Human Rights and Governance
      • Empowering adolescents in South Asia
      • Gender and women’s empowerment
      • HIV Combination Prevention Program
      • HIV Self-Testing Evidence Program
      • Improving lives of waste pickers in India
      • Humanitarian
      • Innovations in data for impact evaluation
      • Innovations in Increasing Immunization Evidence Program
      • Integration of HIV Services Evidence Program
      • Mapping the evidence on resilience and food security
      • Mitigating and adapting to climate change
      • Maternal and Child Health
      • Nutrition and Food Security
      • Peacebuilding
      • Promoting Latrine Use in Rural India Evidence Program
      • Rural India Livelihoods Project
      • Replication
      • Sanitation and Hygiene Evidence Program
      • Social protection
      • Sanitation-linked Livelihoods Program
      • Strengthening Evidence and Economic Modelling Partnership Project
      • Swashakt: Empowering Indian Women’s Collectives
      • Transparency and Accountability in Natural Resources Evidence Program
      • Transparency, Reproducibility, and Ethical Evidence (TREE)
      • Voluntary Male Medical Circumcision Evidence Program
    • Working with governments
      • Philippines Evidence Program
      • Uganda
      • West Africa Capacity-buidling and Impact Evaluation

    3ie’s evidence programmes support studies to fill critical knowledge gaps in a sector, sub-sector or in an area with limited rigorous evidence. We fund studies under a specific theme or which address a particular question or set of questions in programme areas where our donors want to expand global public knowledge of what works and what does not.

    Improving adolescent sexual and reproductive health requires decision-makers to have evidence on what works or not, for whom and why, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (L&MIC).

    Despite the availability of agricultural technologies, few smallholder farmers in developing economies adopt new inputs and practices. One of the factors preventing this is the lack of effective knowledge dissemination.

    Agriculture is a major source of sustenance for rural populations in low- and middle income countries. But owing to weather, pests, diseases and price fluctuations, farmers face numerous risks, including crop and livestock losses.

    The production and consumption of fish, a nutritious source of food for around one billion people, is rising globally. The bulk of aquaculture still originates from small-scale farming in developing countries, such as Bangladesh.

    According to the United Nations estimates, 103 million youth worldwide lack basic literacy skills, and more than 60 per cent of them are women.

    3ie is working with USAID’s Center of Excellence on Democracy, Human Rights, and Governance (DRG Center), and NORC at the University of Chicago to increase knowledge on the global advancement of democracy, human rights and governance.

    South Asia, home to 600 million children, has the highest number of young people globally. While these youth contribute to the social and economic stability and prosperity of their families, communities and countries, they face several threats to their health, education and protection, including pressures to drop out of education, become child workers, marry and reproduce early.

    3ie projects and programs are uncovering ways to promote gender equality and women’s empowerment. Our cross-cutting work seeks to inform what makes development interventions gender-sensitive and transformative in low- and middle-income countries, including challenging fragile contexts.

    3ie, funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, is supporting studies and other work on HIV combination prevention to maximize the useful knowledge and policy implications from these interventions.

    To gain a better understanding of whether providing HIV self-tests to people would increase HIV testing rates, and who might benefit most from availability of tests, 3ie funded seven pilot interventions and their impact evaluations in Kenya, Uganda and Zambia.

    The Saamuhika Shakti or Collective Impact initiative aims to improve the lives of waste pickers in Bengaluru, in India’s southern state of Karnataka, through a coordinated multi-sectoral approach.

    We are supporting the generation of rigorous evidence in humanitarian contexts on interventions related to water, sanitation and hygiene, food security, multi-sectoral humanitarian programming and interventions targeting malnutrition.

    In alignment with our mission, 3ie promotes rigorous, efficient, and ethical use of innovative data sources for impact evaluations, including in those conducted by 3ie, by 3ie research partners, and in the global development community more broadly.

    A major challenge in the fight against vaccine-preventable deaths and diseases is the limited evidence available on innovative and successful community-based approaches for expanding immunization coverage in countries with low or stagnating vaccination rates.

    Much of the evidence surrounding the integration of HIV services with maternal, neonatal, and child health services, as well as with sexual and reproductive health and family planning services, does not come from rigorous studies.

    Widespread hunger, malnutrition, and water insecurity have devastating and long-lasting impacts on the health and well-being of millions of people around the globe.

    With more than three billion people living in contexts that are highly vulnerable to climate change (IPCC Report 2022), mitigation and adaptation strategies are essential to minimize the long-term effects of climate warming. 3ie’s climate change research program focuses on promoting evidence-informed policies and programs to strengthen climate mitigation efforts.

    3ie, the World Health Organization and the Partnership for Maternal Newborn & Child Health worked together to create a gap map to assess the evidence available on social, behavioural and community engagement interventions related to reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health programs in low and middle-income countries.

    Everyone needs reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food. However, all too often, this need is not fulfilled. Despite best efforts, significant gaps persist between global nutrition targets and actual achievements.

    Fragility has expensive, long-term consequences and trying to build peace in situations of protracted conflicts is becoming the norm. In 2016, 1.8 billion people – nearly a quarter of the world's population – were living in situations of fragility. Social cohesion is widely considered important in building sustainable peace in fragile contexts.

    Safe sanitation is a key determinant of many public health outcomes and ending open defecation is necessary in order to achieve safe sanitation. To this end, the Indian government has led a massive sanitation program, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan - Gramin, to improve latrine access and use.

    Launched in 2011, the National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) aims to link the rural poor in India to sustainable livelihood opportunities and financial services.

    We set up our Replication Programme to address the need for a freely available global public good that helps improve the quality and reliability of impact evaluation evidence used for development decision-making. Replication is the most established method of research validation in science, yet it has not been fully embraced by the research community or development donors, leading to this gap.

    3ie, in partnership with the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC), developed this program to build the evidence base in L&MICs and to support global efforts towards increasing equitable access to and use of WASH services.

    We support impact evaluations to build the evidence base on the effectiveness of interventions that reduce the risks faced by the poor through participation in public works and employment programmes.

    3ie, with support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, is undertaking a learning study to understand the barriers and facilitators in programs related to fecal sludge and septage management in the states of Odisha, Tamil Nadu and Telangana.

    3ie, in partnership with the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), is working to strengthen evidence use in MCC’s program designs and investment decisions. 3ie will support MCC to ensure their economic modelling, project design and evaluation approaches are at the cutting edge of development science while simultaneously building a repository of learning that benefits other policymakers and funders.

    India has one of the lowest female labor force participation rates in South Asia. Among rural women, less than 30 per cent are engaged in productive work, paid or unpaid.

    The natural resource governance sector is under-researched and programs in it are under-evaluated. 3ie supported seven impact evaluations to fill critical knowledge gaps on what works to improve governance in the extractives sector in low- and middle-income countries.

    3ie champions the research transparency and reproducibility movement as a means of understanding and mitigating challenges to the credibility of social science research, while also working toward stronger integration of ethical principles into practice.

    It is widely recognized that preventive measures are crucial in tackling the HIV epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa. Three randomized controlled trials and numerous observational studies have shown that male circumcision reduces HIV acquisition by approximately 60 per cent for men, suggesting that efforts to increase male circumcision can play a significant role in HIV prevention.

    .

    3ie, in partnership with the Philippines National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) and Australia’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, is implementing a multi-year Philippines Evidence Program (also known as Policy Window Philippines).

    Working in collaboration with the Office of the Prime Minister, the primary aim is to improve developmental outcomes through evidence-informed decision making in Uganda. 3ie is currently supporting evaluation of government programmes around youth livelihood, family planning, public service delivery and local governance, and universal primary education.

    3ie and the government of Benin are working on a a multi-year regional initiative that aims to promote the institutionalization of evaluation in government systems across eight countries in West Africa, including: Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo.
     

  • Funding
    • Open opportunities

    View our current funding opportunities for evaluations, systematic reviews and internal replication studies.

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  • What we offer
    • Impact evaluation
    • Evidence mapping
    • Evidence synthesis
    • Helpdesk and rapid evidence
    • Capacity strengthening
    • Evidence impact
    • Transparency

    At the core of our work, impact evaluations are rigorous studies that measure the effects of international development programmes. We focus on conducting impact evaluations on policy-relevant research questions where credible findings can drive decision-making.

    3ie invented evidence gap maps, which provide a visual overview of existing and ongoing studies or reviews in a sector or sub-sector of international development. These maps help policymakers find the most relevant evidence for a given question, thereby improving decision-making.

    Our synthesis products, including systematic reviews, integrate findings from multiple different studies which address a common research question. Because they look systematically across the evidence base to see what works and why, systematic reviews and other synthesis products are more reliable for decision-making than results from a single study used in an ad hoc way.

    Often, policy decisions must be made quickly. To make sure that decision-makers get the evidence they need when they need it, 3ie has developed a set of helpdesk services and rapid evidence products. Our Rapid Response Briefs and Rapid Evidence Assessments draw from the latest high-quality research to answer policy questions in a fraction of the time of traditional evaluations or systematic reviews.

    We work with governments and other organizations to build their capacities in evaluation and evidence-informed decision-making. In addition to providing trainings on a wide range of evaluation methods, we offer ongoing support services to ensure our partners have access to the most up-to-date evidence and evaluation tools.

    3ie specialises in increasing access to, demand for and use of evidence by governments, parliaments, programme managers, civil society, programme participants and the media. We do this by emphasising the value of planning and engaging with stakeholders to ensure that evaluations and reviews are relevant and useful. We use robust and effective monitoring to measure evidence use so that we can convey evidence impact on programmes and policies with greater confidence.

    Since 3ie was founded, transparent, reproducible and ethical evidence (TREE) have been core considerations in our work. We have developed and refined tools and best practices to ensure our studies apply technically rigorous methodologies, transparently share design and analysis decisions, yield computationally reproducible analysis, and incorporate foundational principles of research ethics into design, implementation, and dissemination. 3ie’s transparent, reproducible and ethical evidence (TREE) Policy articulates this commitment to TRE best practices.

  • Evidence hub
    • 3ie Development Evidence Portal
    • Evidence gap maps
    • Evidence impact summaries
    • Replication studies
    • Publications
    • RIDIE

    3ie’s Development Evidence Portal is the largest-of-its-kind repository of rigorous evidence on what works in international development. This portal includes evaluations and synthesis of studies conducted in low-and middle-income countries. It combines records from 3ie’s Impact Evaluation and Systematic Review repositories, as well as, evidence gap maps.

    These provide a visual display of completed and ongoing systematic reviews and impact evaluations in a sector or sub-sector, structured around a framework of interventions and outcomes.

    Evidence impact summaries briefly describe how 3ie-supported evidence has informed and influenced decision makers. Each summary highlights verified instances of evidence impact.

    We provide funding for replications, conduct in-house replication research and publish guidance on replication methodology. We also provide funding to original authors of 3ie-funded for preparing their raw datasets.

    As part of our mandate as a knowledge producer and translator for our main audiences, we publish a range of knowledge products. These include briefs, impact evaluation reports, systematic review reports and summaries, replication papers, evidence gap map reports, scoping reports and working papers.

    3ie’s Registry for International Development Impact Evaluations (RIDIE) aims to enhance the transparency and quality of impact evaluation research before it begins.

  • Our work
      • Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health
      • Agricultural Innovation Evidence Program
      • Agricultural Insurance Evidence Program
      • Aquaculture for livelihoods, nutrition and women’s empowerment
      • Education
      • Evidence mapping for Democracy, Human Rights and Governance
      • Empowering adolescents in South Asia
      • Gender and women’s empowerment
      • HIV Combination Prevention Program
      • HIV Self-Testing Evidence Program
      • Improving lives of waste pickers in India
      • Humanitarian
      • Innovations in data for impact evaluation
      • Innovations in Increasing Immunization Evidence Program
      • Integration of HIV Services Evidence Program
      • Mapping the evidence on resilience and food security
      • Mitigating and adapting to climate change
      • Maternal and Child Health
      • Nutrition and Food Security
      • Peacebuilding
      • Promoting Latrine Use in Rural India Evidence Program
      • Rural India Livelihoods Project
      • Replication
      • Sanitation and Hygiene Evidence Program
      • Social protection
      • Sanitation-linked Livelihoods Program
      • Strengthening Evidence and Economic Modelling Partnership Project
      • Swashakt: Empowering Indian Women’s Collectives
      • Transparency and Accountability in Natural Resources Evidence Program
      • Transparency, Reproducibility, and Ethical Evidence (TREE)
      • Voluntary Male Medical Circumcision Evidence Program
    • Working with governments
      • Philippines Evidence Program
      • Uganda
      • West Africa Capacity-buidling and Impact Evaluation

    3ie’s evidence programmes support studies to fill critical knowledge gaps in a sector, sub-sector or in an area with limited rigorous evidence. We fund studies under a specific theme or which address a particular question or set of questions in programme areas where our donors want to expand global public knowledge of what works and what does not.

    Improving adolescent sexual and reproductive health requires decision-makers to have evidence on what works or not, for whom and why, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (L&MIC).

    Despite the availability of agricultural technologies, few smallholder farmers in developing economies adopt new inputs and practices. One of the factors preventing this is the lack of effective knowledge dissemination.

    Agriculture is a major source of sustenance for rural populations in low- and middle income countries. But owing to weather, pests, diseases and price fluctuations, farmers face numerous risks, including crop and livestock losses.

    The production and consumption of fish, a nutritious source of food for around one billion people, is rising globally. The bulk of aquaculture still originates from small-scale farming in developing countries, such as Bangladesh.

    According to the United Nations estimates, 103 million youth worldwide lack basic literacy skills, and more than 60 per cent of them are women.

    3ie is working with USAID’s Center of Excellence on Democracy, Human Rights, and Governance (DRG Center), and NORC at the University of Chicago to increase knowledge on the global advancement of democracy, human rights and governance.

    South Asia, home to 600 million children, has the highest number of young people globally. While these youth contribute to the social and economic stability and prosperity of their families, communities and countries, they face several threats to their health, education and protection, including pressures to drop out of education, become child workers, marry and reproduce early.

    3ie projects and programs are uncovering ways to promote gender equality and women’s empowerment. Our cross-cutting work seeks to inform what makes development interventions gender-sensitive and transformative in low- and middle-income countries, including challenging fragile contexts.

    3ie, funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, is supporting studies and other work on HIV combination prevention to maximize the useful knowledge and policy implications from these interventions.

    To gain a better understanding of whether providing HIV self-tests to people would increase HIV testing rates, and who might benefit most from availability of tests, 3ie funded seven pilot interventions and their impact evaluations in Kenya, Uganda and Zambia.

    The Saamuhika Shakti or Collective Impact initiative aims to improve the lives of waste pickers in Bengaluru, in India’s southern state of Karnataka, through a coordinated multi-sectoral approach.

    We are supporting the generation of rigorous evidence in humanitarian contexts on interventions related to water, sanitation and hygiene, food security, multi-sectoral humanitarian programming and interventions targeting malnutrition.

    In alignment with our mission, 3ie promotes rigorous, efficient, and ethical use of innovative data sources for impact evaluations, including in those conducted by 3ie, by 3ie research partners, and in the global development community more broadly.

    A major challenge in the fight against vaccine-preventable deaths and diseases is the limited evidence available on innovative and successful community-based approaches for expanding immunization coverage in countries with low or stagnating vaccination rates.

    Much of the evidence surrounding the integration of HIV services with maternal, neonatal, and child health services, as well as with sexual and reproductive health and family planning services, does not come from rigorous studies.

    Widespread hunger, malnutrition, and water insecurity have devastating and long-lasting impacts on the health and well-being of millions of people around the globe.

    With more than three billion people living in contexts that are highly vulnerable to climate change (IPCC Report 2022), mitigation and adaptation strategies are essential to minimize the long-term effects of climate warming. 3ie’s climate change research program focuses on promoting evidence-informed policies and programs to strengthen climate mitigation efforts.

    3ie, the World Health Organization and the Partnership for Maternal Newborn & Child Health worked together to create a gap map to assess the evidence available on social, behavioural and community engagement interventions related to reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health programs in low and middle-income countries.

    Everyone needs reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food. However, all too often, this need is not fulfilled. Despite best efforts, significant gaps persist between global nutrition targets and actual achievements.

    Fragility has expensive, long-term consequences and trying to build peace in situations of protracted conflicts is becoming the norm. In 2016, 1.8 billion people – nearly a quarter of the world's population – were living in situations of fragility. Social cohesion is widely considered important in building sustainable peace in fragile contexts.

    Safe sanitation is a key determinant of many public health outcomes and ending open defecation is necessary in order to achieve safe sanitation. To this end, the Indian government has led a massive sanitation program, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan - Gramin, to improve latrine access and use.

    Launched in 2011, the National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) aims to link the rural poor in India to sustainable livelihood opportunities and financial services.

    We set up our Replication Programme to address the need for a freely available global public good that helps improve the quality and reliability of impact evaluation evidence used for development decision-making. Replication is the most established method of research validation in science, yet it has not been fully embraced by the research community or development donors, leading to this gap.

    3ie, in partnership with the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC), developed this program to build the evidence base in L&MICs and to support global efforts towards increasing equitable access to and use of WASH services.

    We support impact evaluations to build the evidence base on the effectiveness of interventions that reduce the risks faced by the poor through participation in public works and employment programmes.

    3ie, with support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, is undertaking a learning study to understand the barriers and facilitators in programs related to fecal sludge and septage management in the states of Odisha, Tamil Nadu and Telangana.

    3ie, in partnership with the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), is working to strengthen evidence use in MCC’s program designs and investment decisions. 3ie will support MCC to ensure their economic modelling, project design and evaluation approaches are at the cutting edge of development science while simultaneously building a repository of learning that benefits other policymakers and funders.

    India has one of the lowest female labor force participation rates in South Asia. Among rural women, less than 30 per cent are engaged in productive work, paid or unpaid.

    The natural resource governance sector is under-researched and programs in it are under-evaluated. 3ie supported seven impact evaluations to fill critical knowledge gaps on what works to improve governance in the extractives sector in low- and middle-income countries.

    3ie champions the research transparency and reproducibility movement as a means of understanding and mitigating challenges to the credibility of social science research, while also working toward stronger integration of ethical principles into practice.

    It is widely recognized that preventive measures are crucial in tackling the HIV epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa. Three randomized controlled trials and numerous observational studies have shown that male circumcision reduces HIV acquisition by approximately 60 per cent for men, suggesting that efforts to increase male circumcision can play a significant role in HIV prevention.

    .

    3ie, in partnership with the Philippines National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) and Australia’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, is implementing a multi-year Philippines Evidence Program (also known as Policy Window Philippines).

    Working in collaboration with the Office of the Prime Minister, the primary aim is to improve developmental outcomes through evidence-informed decision making in Uganda. 3ie is currently supporting evaluation of government programmes around youth livelihood, family planning, public service delivery and local governance, and universal primary education.

    3ie and the government of Benin are working on a a multi-year regional initiative that aims to promote the institutionalization of evaluation in government systems across eight countries in West Africa, including: Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo.
     

  • Funding
    • Open opportunities

    View our current funding opportunities for evaluations, systematic reviews and internal replication studies.

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  4. Strengthening the case for India’s national livelihoods program

Strengthening the case for India’s national livelihoods program

 

About 3ie evidence impact summaries

Read how 3ie verifies and classifies evidence impact

Highlights

Evidence impact

  • In September 2020, India’s then–rural development minister, Narendra Singh Tomar, cited the 3ie evaluation to respond to a question in the Indian Parliament on the details of loans and impacts of funding provided to self-help groups (SHGs) under the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM).
  • In July 2021, India’s new rural development minister, Giriraj Singh, mentioned 3ie’s study and outlined its key findings in the Indian Parliament in response to a question on SHG loans and results of studies on the impact of the DAY-NRLM.
  • Findings also informed the World Bank for livelihoods programs such as the National Rural Economic Transformation Project.
  • In December 2022, the union minister of state for rural development, Sadhvi Niranjan Jyoti , cited the 3ie findings in a written response to a question on the loan repayment rate by SHGs in the Rajya Sabha
  • Findings were cited in a 2021 World Bank report on economic inclusion. This report moves forward key debates on program impacts and costs that are central to the sustainability of economic inclusion programs at scale. 

Factors that contributed to impact  

  • The evaluation responded to an explicit demand for evidence from the government to improve the livelihoods program.
  • The research team ensured strong buy-in by cultivating trust relationships and through rigorous engagements with government partners at the national and state levels.
  • The researchers were effective knowledge translators and disseminated evaluation findings through a series of engagements and a variety of knowledge products.

Impact evaluation details

Title: Impact Evaluation of the National Rural Livelihoods Project
Authors: Anjini Kochar, Bidisha Barooah, Chandan Jain, Geeta Singh, Nagabhushana Closepet, Raghunathan Narayanan, Ritwik Sarkar and Rohan Shah
Status : Completed, October 2020
Informing parliamentary discussions and improving the design of India’s livelihoods program

Context

India is home to more than a fifth of the world’s poor, and 75 percent of them live in rural India. To build upon previous programs to overcome the constraints to rural poverty alleviation and facilitate the creation of rural livelihoods, the government of India launched the National Rural Livelihoods Project in 2011–12. The objective was to create a proof of concept   that could help inform rural livelihoods interventions across the country. The project started under the National Rural Livelihood Mission, agenda aimed to cover 70 million rural poor households, across 600 districts, through self-help groups (SHGs) and support SHGs and their federations in becoming livelihoods collectives within 8–10 years. In addition, the poor were to be facilitated to achieve increased access to rights, entitlements and public services; diversified risk; and better social indicators of empowerment.

In line with the objective of generating evidence on what works to reduce poverty and improve inclusion and empowerment among  rural poor, the Ministry of Rural Development commissioned several impact evaluations of the World Bank–supported project, including an impact evaluation that 3ie conducted between 2019 and 2020. The 3ie evaluation sought to assess whether the National Rural Livelihoods Mission, now called the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana-National Rural Livelihood Mission (DAY-NRLM), impacted financial inclusion, incomes and livelihoods and women’s social and economic inclusion and empowerment after two and a half years of participation. The evaluation covered 5,000 SHGs across nine intervention states: Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.

Evidence

The evaluation found significant positive impacts on household incomes, including increases in saving for older SHGs, household income sources, hours of work for men and the number of women engaged in productive secondary work. The study found increased access to SHG loans by scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and increased borrowing by women from SHGs and by men from formal sources. The findings showed that participant households availed themselves of more social schemes and depended less on informal loans. Evaluation findings demonstrated that the federated structure of SHGs was an important driver of impacts on loan amounts, household productive assets, increased expenditure on education and food, and women’s confidence to engage with the community. However, the evaluation found that SHGs need to improve equity in loan distribution and may not be able to benefit the poorest of the poor in all contexts. 

Evidence impacts

Type of impact: Inform discussions of policies and programmes

When subsequent phases of the evaluated programme or policy draw from the findings of the evaluation or review, and/or the study team participates in informing the design of a subsequent phase.

This is one of 3ie’s seven types of evidence use. Impact types are based on what we find in the monitoring data for an evaluation or review. Due to the nature of evidence-informed decision-making and action, 3ie looks for verifiable contributions that our evidence makes, not attribution.

Read our complete evidence impact typology and verification approach here.

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Informing discussions in the Indian Parliament

In September 2020, India’s then–minister of rural development, Narendra Singh Tomar, cited the 3ie evaluation and shared study findings in response to a question from a lawmaker in the Upper House of the Indian Parliament (Rajya Sabha). The lawmaker’s questions pertained to the details and impacts of funding provided to SHGs under the DAY-NRLM and came weeks after the researchers shared evaluation findings with ministry officials. In July 2021, India’s new rural development minister, Giriraj Singh, mentioned the 3ie study and outlined its key findings in the Rajya Sabha in response to a question on SHG loans and results of studies on the impact of the DAY-NRLM. In December 2022, the union minister of state for rural development, Sadhvi Niranjan Jyoti, cited the 3ie study findings in a written response to a question on the loan repayment rate by SHGs in the Rajya Sabha .

Type of impact: Inform discussions of policies and programmes

When subsequent phases of the evaluated programme or policy draw from the findings of the evaluation or review, and/or the study team participates in informing the design of a subsequent phase.

This is one of 3ie’s seven types of evidence use. Impact types are based on what we find in the monitoring data for an evaluation or review. Due to the nature of evidence-informed decision-making and action, 3ie looks for verifiable contributions that our evidence makes, not attribution.

Read our complete evidence impact typology and verification approach here.

Close window

Informing the next phases of the program

Preliminary findings and engagements also informed the World Bank, which provides funding and technical support to the government of India’s livelihoods program. World Bank’s documents highlighted the findings, particularly on the importance of federating the SHGs, as informing the next phases of the  DAY-NRLM and the World Bank–supported National Rural Economic Transformation Project.

Type of impact: Inform global guidelines and policy discussions

When findings from an evaluation or review can be traced to discussions or actions. Examples include governments or multilateral or bilateral donors’ mentioning the findings to inform policy or programming. To date, we have only one case of an individual impact evaluation informing global health guidelines. WHO guidelines require that the guidance is based on randomised evaluation evidence.

This is one of 3ie’s seven types of evidence use. Impact types are based on what we find in the monitoring data for an evaluation or review. Due to the nature of evidence-informed decision-making and action, 3ie looks for verifiable contributions that our evidence makes, not attribution.

Read our complete evidence impact typology and verification approach here.

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Contributing to the evidence base on economic inclusion programs at scale

Findings from the 3ie evaluation were cited in The State of the Economic Inclusion Report 2021: The Potential to Scale commissioned by the World Bank and the Partnership for Economic Inclusion. This report presents data and evidence from 219 programs in 75 countries that are reaching over 90 million beneficiaries. This report moves forward key debates on program impact and costs, which are central to the sustainability of economic inclusion programs at scale. 3ie engaged with the World Bank, which was part of the 3ie impact evaluation advisory group, throughout the research cycle and jointly shared learning on the role of women’s collectives and community institutions in rural transformation at a 3ie conference in January 2021.

Suggested citation

3ie , 2023. Strengthening the case for India’s national livelihoods program (online summary), Evidence Impact Summaries. New Delhi: International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie)

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Strengthening the evidence base for programming and policies on women’s groups

Evidence impact summaries aim to demonstrate and encourage the use of evidence to inform programming and policymaking. These reflect the information available to 3ie at the time of posting. Since several factors influence policymaking, the summaries highlight contributions of evidence rather than endorsing a policy or decision or claiming that it can be attributed solely to evidence. If you have any suggestions or updates to improve this summary, please write to influence@3ieimpact.org

Last updated on 23rd February 2022
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