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Working papers
Addressing attribution of cause and effect in small n impact evaluations: towards an integrated framework

Addressing attribution of cause and effect in small n impact evaluations: towards an integrated framework

3ie Working Paper 15

Howard White and Daniel Phillips

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There exists considerable consensus among impact evaluators conducting large n impact evaluations involving tests of statistical difference in outcomes between the treatment group and a properly constructed comparison group. However no such consensus exists when it comes to assessing attribution in small n cases – that is when there are insufficient units of assignment to conduct statistical analysis of what difference the intervention has made. Howard White and Daniel Phillips examine various evaluation approaches that could potentially be suitable for small n analysis and find that a number of them share a methodological core which could provide a basis for consensus.

Mapping the evidence on learning to earning interventions in low- and middle-income countries: A framework proposal and scoping review

Mapping the evidence on learning to earning interventions in low- and middle-income countries: A framework proposal and scoping review

Working paper 3ie 2025  
The authors of this paper have proposed a framework that categorises existing technical and vocational education and training (TVET) and skills interventions and labour market outcomes in L&MICs.

Impact of a COVID-19 emergency liquidity support package on bank performance and lending: a controlled interrupted time series (CITS) analysis

Impact of a COVID-19 emergency liquidity support package on bank performance and lending: a controlled interrupted time series (CITS) analysis

Working paper 3ie 2025  
The authors of this study evaluate the impact of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development’s (EBRD) Solidarity Package, which was a COVID-19 emergency liquidity support package.

Key learnings from one-year pilot studies under Swashakt

Key learnings from one-year pilot studies under Swashakt

Working paper 3ie 2024  
The authors of this working paper synthesize learnings from the five pilot projects that were implemented in the states of Bihar, Gujarat, Jharkhand, and West Bengal.

The enablers and barriers to rural women’s participation in management training programs

The enablers and barriers to rural women’s participation in management training programs

Working paper 3ie 2024  
The authors of this paper provide insights into some of the enablers and barriers to women’s participation in a micro-MBA program that seeks to cultivate competencies and encourage leadership capabilities among women weavers to initiate or manage their microenterprises.

Setting up women’s collective enterprises in rural India: Learnings from 3ie’s Swashakt program

Setting up women’s collective enterprises in rural India: Learnings from 3ie’s Swashakt program

Working paper 3ie 2024  
The authors of this paper synthesise findings from four process evaluations of programs that support collective and group-based models for women-led businesses in India.

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  • DOI : 10.23846/WP0015

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